Repindex
OPS OMS

REPINDEX 61: RIESGOS OCUPACIONALES DE LOS TRABAJADORES DE SALUD

abril 1997
ISSN: 0252-7987

008 Bioseguridad (Parte 2) / Biosafety (Part 2)

Id: 008/103510 - 9100/M79/31060
Ap: Moreno Celda, V.
Ti: Control de la transmisión de la tuberculosis en el personal sanitario.
Fu: Nájera Morrondo, Rafael; González Lahoz, J.M. Atención integral al paciente con V.I.H. Madrid, SEISIDA, s.d. p.52-7. Tab.
Co: Presentado en: Reuniones de Consenso sobre la Infección por V.I.H. s.l, s.d.
Re: Afirma que el reciente resurgir de la tuberculosis y la evidencia de su transmisión nosocomial ha llevado en la actualidad, a una valoración del riesgo para el trabajador sanitario obligando a establecer un programa de control y seguimiento. Explica los factores epidemiológicos, la transmisión de dicha enfermedad, medidas de control y seguimiento en los trabajadores sanitarios.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103561 - 9100/P45/31093
Ap: Perl, Trish M.; Haugen, Thomas H.; Pfaller, Michael A.; Hollis, Richard; Lakeman, Alfred D.; Whitley, Richard J.; Nicholson, Don; Hunter, Gloria A.; Wenzel, Richard P.
Ti: Transmission of herpes simplex virus Type 1 infection in an intensive care unit.
Fu: Annals of internal medicine; 117(7):584-86, Oct. 1992. Tab.
Re: Afirma que la infección de herpes simple con virus de tipo 1 (HSV-1) ha sido reportado transmitido vía secreciones contaminadas de un paciente infectado, a un trabajador al cuidado de la salud, produciendo una infección en los dedos llamada whithlow. Explica 4 casos de contagio.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103565 - 9100/P47/31098
Ap: Petrarulo, F.; Maggi, P.; Sacchetti, A.; Pallotta, G.; Dagostino, F.; Basile, C.
Ti: HCV infection occupational hazard at dialysis units and virus spread, among relatives of dialyzed patients.
Fu: Nephron; 61(3):302-3, Jul. 1992.
Re: It was purpose of this study to evaluate the spread of HCV infection among the staff at Dialysis Units and among relatives of anti-HCV-positive hemodialysis patients. 122 health-care workers and 52 relatives were screened for presence of anti-HCV Ab. The control groups consisted of 100 health-care workers from other wards and 30 relatives of anti-HCV-negative subjects. 2.45 percent of the health-care staff and 5.8 percent of the relatives were found to be anti-HCV Ab carriers. None of the subjects in the control groups were positive. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that there is a real posibility of HCV spread through occupational exposure although the corresponding percentage in less than that presumably due to within-the-family contagion by the virus.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Evaluación /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103567 - 9100/K82/31100
Ap: Kristensen, Michael Seltz; Wernberg, Niels Mogens; Anker-Moller, Erling
Ti: Healthcare workers' risk of contact with body fluids in a hospital : the effect of complying with the universal precautions policy.
Fu: Infection control and hospital epidemiology; 13(12):719-24, Dec. 1992. Tab.
Re: A study of the effect of compliance with the universal precautions in reducing the risk of exposure of health care workers to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contaminated body fluids was conducted. The study group consisted of 901 physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians and phlebotomists, nursing aides, student nurses, therapists, and housekeepers employed at a 380 bed secondary and tertiary care hospital in Frederiksberg, Denmark.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida / Medidas de seguridad /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103568 - 9100/M21/31101
Ap: Mallon, Dominic F.J.; Shearwood, Wendy; Mallal, Simon A.; French, Martyn A.H.; Dawkins, Roger L.
Ti: Exposure to blood borne infections in health care workers.
Fu: Medical journal of Australia; 157(9):592-95, Nov. 1992. Tab.
Re: To determine the incidence and nature of occupational exposures to blood and body fluids in health care workers, 332 reports of occupational exposure were analysed and are presented. The rate of reported occupational exposure according to staff category, nature of exposure, HIV status of source patient, activity at the time of exposure and compliance with infection control measures. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids is common among health care workers but most exposures confer a low risk of blood borne infection. The introduction of an occupational exposure assessment program has many benefits, including optimal management of injuries and acquisition of data on infection control measures, and may protect health care institutions from false claims for compensation.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Medidas de seguridad / Estudios de caso /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103570 - 9100/L26/31103
Ap: LaRochelle, Diane R.; Carlson, Elizabeth Van Beek
Ti: Protecting the provider from tuberculosis exposure.
Fu: Nursing clinics of North America; 30(1):13-22, Mar. 1995. Tab.
Re: The resurgence of tuberculosis (TB), especially the new six ray darkrooms in the region where concern about glutaraldehyde exposure had been expressed. Three of the workers investigated with occupational asthma came from departments where glutaraldehyde air measurements had been made; the others came from other hospitals or departments. The diagnosis of occupational asthma was confirmed in seven workers, all of whom had PEF records suggestive of occupational asthma and positive specific bronchial challenge tests to glutaraldehyde. Bronchial provocation testing was negative in one worker who was no longer exposed and who had a less clearcut history of occupational asthma. Glutaraldehyde can cause occupational asthma. The exposure levels measured in the workplace suggest that sensitisation may occur at levels below the current occupational exposure standard.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Enfermedades ocupacionales / Medidas de seguridad /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103572 - 9100/W82/31105
Ap: Wolff R., Marcelo; Hidalgo V., Soledad
Ti: Exposición accidental del personal de salud a sangre y líquidos biológicos de pacientes.
Fu: Revista médica de Chile; 120(11):1247-53, nov. 1992. Tab.
Re: Evalúa por medio de encuestas al personal de salud, la frecuencia de accidentes que involucran exposición a líquidos biológicos definidos como de riesgo potencial en una población hospitalaria general y no en una afectada por patologías infecciosas exclusivamente; y el tipo de personal de salud afectado y las circunstancias de ocurrencia del o los accidentes. Excluyó los casos de contacto cutáneo con líquidos biológicos de pacientes, a menos que hubiera lesiones de piel, ya que en estas circunstancias el riesgo es prácticamente inexistente. La encuesta fue contestada por 40 por ciento del total del personal de salud con contacto con pacientes, las características de ambas poblaciones eran similares aunque, evidentemente, no se puede asegurar que la frecuencia y tipo de accidentes experimentados por el personal de salud que no respondió la encuesta sea similar o comparable a la del grupo que lo hizo.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Medidas de seguridad /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103738 - 9100/O83/31107
Ap: Osterholm, Michael; Garayalde, Susan M.
Ti: Clinical viral hepatitis B among Minnesota hospital personnel : results of a ten-year statewide survey.
Fu: JAMA : journal of the American Medical Association; 254( 22):3207-12, Dec. 1985. Tab.
Re: Report a ten-year survey of clinical hepatits B virus (HBV) infections in Minnesota hospital personnel. Between 1974 and 1983, a total of 561 personnel cases of viral hepatitis were identified. Four hundred twelve cases were diagnosed as type B, with 399 cases (97 percent) identified as work related. Of the 177 hospitals in the state, only 42 (24 percent) reported cases during the ten-year period. The highest annual incidence of type B cases was in 1975 (127/100,000 personnel) and decreased to the lowest incidence in 1983 (8/100,000 personnel). The incidence for personnel at hospitals with long-term hemodialysis decreased from 418/100,000 personnel in 1975 to 16/100,000 personnel in 1983, while the incidence for employees in hospitals without hemodialysis decreased from 16 to 5/100,000 personnel for the same time. The decrease in the incidence of hepatitis B in personnel occurred before the use of HBV vaccine. Our findings indicate that HBV seroprevalence studies significantly overestimate the current incidence of HBV infections among personnel in most hospital settings.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Hepatitis viral humana /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103944 - 9000/BWHO/67(5)
Ap: Marcus, R.; Kay, K.; Mann, Jonathan
Ti: Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in health-care setting worldwide.
Fu: Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 67(5):577-82, 1989. Tabs.
Re: Explica sobre el riesgo de transmisión del HIV en las instituciones de salud. Señala que para evitar el contagio se deben tomar las medidas de control necesarias para lo cual se requiere educar a los trabajadores de salud y a los auxiliares; proveerse del equipo necesario y guardar una estricta adhesión a las prácticas de control de la infección.
De: Riesgos laborales / Sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida /
Ub: OPS/OMS-PE/ CEPIS
Id: 008/103947SIDA/7666/
Ap: Mead, Philip
Ti: AIDS : risk to the health profession.
Fu: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology; 32(3):485-96, Sept 1989.
Re: Revisa los modos de transmisión ocupacional y estima los riesgos para los trabajadores de salud. Incluye recomendaciones para prevenir la infección por trabajo y discute el manejo de heridas por agujas.
De: Riesgos laborales / Sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida /
Ub: OPS/OMS-PE
Id: 008/103955 - 9100/A81/31200
Ap: Anónimo
Ti: Provisional public health service recommendations for chemoprophylaxis after occupational exposure to HIV : update.
Fu: Journal of the American Medical Association; 276(2):90-2, Jul. 1996. Tab.
Re: Although preventing blood exposures is the primary means of preventing occupationally acquired human inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection appropriate post-exposure management is an important element of workplace safety. Information suggesting that zidovudine (ZDV) postexposure prophylaxis may reduce the risk for HIV transmission after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood prompted a Public Health Service (PHS) interagency working group, with expert consultation, to update a previous PHS statement on management of occupational exposure to HIV with the following findings and recommendations on postexposure prophylaxis.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103956 - 9100/J43/31201
Ap: Jereb, John A.; Klevens, R. Monina; Privett, Thomas D.; Smith, Philip J.; Crawford, Jack T.; Sharp, Victoria L.; Davis, Barry J.; Jarvis, William R.; Dooley, Samuel W.
Ti: Tuberculosis in health care workers at a hospital with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fu: Archives of internal medicine; 155(8):854-57, Apr. 1995.
Re: Health care workers who were exposed during a hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis had occupationally acquired active disease. The human inmunodeficiency virus-infected health care workers with tuberculosis had severe disease and died. The risk of skin test conversion increased during the study period, and higher exposure occupations had elevated risk. Effective infection control is essential to prevent the transmission of tuberculosis to health care workers.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103960 - 9100/A81/31205
Ap: Anónimo
Ti: Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health-care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV- infected blood- France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988-August 1994.
Fu: Archives of dermatology; 132(3):[250-53], Mar. 1996.
Re: Señala que los trabajadores al cuidado de la salud, están potencialmente en riesgo para infectarse con el Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, HIV, a través de de exposición con la sangre. Sin embargo los estudios prospectivos indican que el riesgo estimado por HIV después de exposición percutánea a sangre infectada con HIV es aproximadamente del 3 por ciento. Los factores que influencian este riesgo no ha sido determinado. Para evaluar los factores de riesgo, los Centros para el Control de las Enfermedades, CDC de Estados Unidos, en colaboración con las autoridades de Francia e Inglaterra, realizaron un estudio de caso-control retrospectivo, usando datos que reportan los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de Estados Unidos, Francia y el Reino Unido. Este reporte describe el estudio y sintetiza resultados que sugiere que los factores de riesgo para la transmisión de HIV incluye ciertas características de exposición al paciente fuente, en suma postexposición uso de zidovudine (ZDV) fue asociado a un riesgo más bajo.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103961 - 9100/D19/31206
Ap: Davis, Gary L.
Ti: Hepatitis C virus infection among health care workers.
Fu: Journal of the American Medical Association; 275(19): [1474-76], May 1996.
Re: Pone en evidencia el riesgo de los trabajadores al cuidado de la salud para infectarse con HCV (Hepatitis C), pero el riesgo permanece relativamente bajo. Existe alguna evidencia para sostener la creencia que los trabajadores de la salud que atienden a pacientes de HCV positivo, están expuestos a un incremento de riesgo de infección. Sin embargo considerando las actuales precauciones universales, el riesgo de cada trabajador o del paciente debe ser mínimo.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hepatitis viral humana / Hospitales /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/103977 - SIDA 8144/
Ai: Colombia. Ministerio de Salud.
Ti: Manual de conductas básicas.
Fu: Santa Fé de Bogotá; Ministerio de Salud; 1990. 38 p.
Re: Presenta las recomendaciones que el personal de salud debe aplicar para evitar el contagio ocupacional: precauciones en relación con la sangre y otros líquidos orgánicos; precauciones en relación con las inyecciones y perforaciones de la piel y normas de esterilización y desinfección.
De: Riesgos laborales / Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida /
Ub: OPS/OMS-PE
Id: 008/103978 - SIDA/
Ap: Durán Bellido, Miguel; Aguilar Puig, Daniel
Ti: Riesgos de transmisión del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en el hospital. 17-27.
Fu: Todo hospital; 82(12):v., dic. 1991.
Re: Ante el problema de los posibles riesgos de transmisión en el hospital de un determinado microorganismo, recomienda conocer en profundidad a éste. Explica sobre el VIH, su estructura, clasificación, composición lipídica, epidemiología y clínica.
De: Riesgos laborales / Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida / Hospitales /
Ub: OPS/OMS-PE
Id: 008/104074 - 9100/G66/31311
Ap: Holland, Paul V.
Ti: Reducing the risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses to health care workers.
Fu: Goldschmidt, Reuven; Ribak, Joseph. International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects : collection of papers. Jerusalem, IJOH, 1996. p.1-3.
Co: Presentado en: International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects Jerusalem, Feb. 1996.
Re: Afirma que el riesgo de adquirir una infección viral transmitida por la sangre, en los trabajadores de salud en su centro de labores debería ser bajo, si se toman en cuenta las precauciones universales y se tiene una atención cuidadosa a los procedimientos actuales de operación. Sostiene que el riesgo debería ser infinitesimal que los individuos adquirirían por el Sida o la hepatitis en el trabajo. Con la rutina de inmunización de la hepatitis B y C, HBV y HCV, usando la excelente vacuna disponible, debería haber poco riesgo de esta infección fuera o dentro del trabajo; además que el riesgo de contraer el SIDA fuera del centro de trabajo es más alto que coger el virus dentro del nosocomio.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/104076 - 9100/G66/31311
Ap: Wali, J.P.; Singh, Sarman
Ti: Tuberculosis as an occupational hazard in health care workers.
Fu: Goldschmidt, Reuven; Ribak, Joseph. International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects : collection of papers. Jerusalem, IJOH, 1996. p.8-9. Tab.
Co: Presentado en: International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects Jerusalem, Feb. 1996.
Re: Work related infections are well recognised hazards for persons employed in health care settings or laboratories where patients, clinical samples or the etiologic agents of communicable diseases are handled. It is reported that the incidence of tuberculosis is 9-28 times higher in laboratory workers than in the general population because of processing, transportation and/or disposal of the infected samples. More than 75 percent laboratory workers are vulnerable to this infection. We have analysed last 4 years data and found that out of 23,240 sputum samples received during this period, 2,562 (11.02 percent) were positive for AFB. Their positivity rate in our hospital staff was 4.7 percent (885 patients). These figures do not indicate higher prevalence in health care workers but the data from India's premier medical institution may not represent the entire health care system in India, where more than 90 percent of the laboratories are not practising even very basic safety precautions.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Enfermedades transmisibles /
Ub: CEPIS
Id: 008/104079 - 9100/G66/31311
Ap: Deitchman, Scott; Bolyard, Elizabeth
Ti: Strategy to control occupational TB transmission.
Fu: Goldschmidt, Reuven; Ribak, Joseph. International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects : collection of papers. Jerusalem, IJOH, 1996. p.29-32.
Co: Presentado en: International Conference Communicable Diseases as Occupational Hazards, Medical, Biological, Ethical and Legal Aspects Jerusalem, Feb. 1996.
Re: Although tuberculosis infection remains a potential occupational hazard for health-care workers (HCWs) in facilities where tuberculosis-infected patients receive care, most occupational infections can be prevented by a hierarchical approach to tuberculosis control with three elements. The first involves administrative controls, including: effective policies to ensure rapid identification, isolation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of persons likely to have TB; effective TB control practices among HCWs; worker education about TB; and screening workers for TB infection and disease. Second, engineering controls, including ventilation systems and air cleaning via air filtration with or without ultraviolet germicidal irradiation are used to prevent airborne transmission of TB. Third, personal respiratory protection for HCWs is recommended when exposure to infectious TB may occur even when administrative and engineering controls are used. A risk assessment strategy based upon the prevalence of tuberculosis in the patient population should be used to determine the level of controls appropriate for a health-care facility.
De: Riesgos laborales / Hospitales / Enfermedades transmisibles /
Ub: CEPIS

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